extended-spectrum beta-lactamases but also
carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. But
Western countries are also affected by the problem, as
shown by the cases of MRSA on pig farms in Holland and
neighbouring countries or in the deadly cases in Germany
involving the multi-resistant E. coli O104:H4 strain. It is also
highly suspected that ESBL E. coli that cause infections in
humans are acquired, at least in part, through the food chain.
However, there is very little known as to the true level of
contamination with antibiotic resistant bacteria between
humans and animals via the surrounding environment or the
food chain. Environmental contamination in developing
counties directly affects the level of cleanliness in food
products and therefore treatment of both animal and human
AMR AND THE ENVIRONMENT
70 AMR CONTROL 2015
Figure 2: The four reactors for the antibiotic-promoted genetic evolution